Contemporary views on pain
Keywords:
pain, neuropathic, nociceptiveAbstract
Pain is a protective phenomenon caused by a tissue injury. After tissue injury a synthesis of arachidonic acid starts. It is converted to prostaglandins by the way of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, using cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes. The prostaglandins activate nociceptors and generate the nociceptive pain. Injury of the nervous system and generation of abnormal impulses cause the neuropathic pain. The first step of pain treatment is to evaluate the pain as nociceptive or neuropathic, as the treatment is different. The nociceptive pain is treated with analgesics (opioid and rarely non-opioid) and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of NSAID are realized by inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (CoX). The neuropathic pain is treated by antidepressants (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors), that enhance the endogenic pain modulation exerted by the descending bulbo-spinal noradrenergic and serotoninergic inhibition, and anticonvulsants that suppress the abnormal neuronal hyperexcitability and ectopic generation of axonal impulses. These drugs decrease pain with about 50%, so alternative medications are also needed.Some phytosubstances like curcumin, resveratrol and mangiferaindica are supposed to be effective against nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Curcumin is a natural product, an extraction of the roots of Curcuma longa. Resveratrol is a substance in the grapes and red wine. Mangiferin is natural flavonoid that is extracted by the leaves and fruit of Mangiferaindica. Curcumin, resveratrol и mangiferin posses a synergic effect against nociceptive and neuropathic pain and might be useful as a complimentary antinociceptive therapy, together with the traditional drugs.
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